Friday, December 30, 2011
Lil Wayne Ice Cream Paint Job(No Ceilings) Lyrics
This summary is not available. Please
click here to view the post.
Sunday, December 25, 2011
Andrew's Kitchen
Here is the link to where I bought the Davinci sugar free syrup. Select the flavor on the right and the sugar free flavors near the bottom of the list: www.webstaurantstore.com Here is the link to the cocktail forks. www.webstaurantstore.com
Discount Salon Trolleys Great Deals Rechargeable Toothbrushes
Tuesday, December 20, 2011
DaVinci Gourmet Classic Sugar Free Syrup, Vanilla, 25.4 oz, 3 ct (Quantity of 2)
!±8±DaVinci Gourmet Classic Sugar Free Syrup, Vanilla, 25.4 oz, 3 ct (Quantity of 2)
Brand : DaVinciRate :
Price :
Post Date : Dec 20, 2011 17:51:27
Usually ships in 6-10 business days
Saved Sun Tube Skylights Low Cost Jeff Hardy Action Figures Duralast Jump Starter Gold Buy
Monday, December 12, 2011
Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights, Trade Secrets Protect Your Invention!
Patent numbers are issued sequentially, beginning with the number one. Patent number one was issued to Samuel Hopkins on July 31,1790. It took 75 years for the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to issue patent number 1,000,000. Patent number 7,000,000 was issued February 14, 2006. It took only seven years for the USPTO to move from issuance of patent number 6,000,000 to 7,000,000.
What does this mean? Simply, there is more creativity now that at any time in history. The old saw that "there is nothing new" is completely wrong. There has never been so many people and entities creating novel, unique products, technology and services, and so driven to commercialize these inventions. More patents and entrepreneurs attempting to market their products is indicative that there is more competition for successful placement.
It is essential that entrepreneur's protect their inventions. This is a form of insurance. To attempt to market an invention without covering the work with the shield of patent, trademark, copyright or trade secret protection indicates a frivolous approach that will not succeed. Investors, licensees, and investors demand the protection that these intellectual property products afford. Even if the entrepreneur is going to self-market the invention, protection is essential in order to fend off competition.
A pharmacist in Atlanta, at the beginning of the 20th century, created a formula for syrup that he sold at the soda fountain in his pharmacy. John Pemberton mixed the syrup with soda water and sold drinks of the concoction as a wellness beverage to cure aches and pains. Mr. Pemberton had created Coca-Cola. He never anticipated that Coke would become an international comfort product, the soft drink. The smartest thing John Pemberton ever did, besides inventing Coca-Cola, was to handle the secret formula for the syrup as a Trade Secret. To this day, the Coca-Cola Bottling Company zealously protects the ingredients and chemistry involved in producing the base syrup that is the essence of classic Coca-Cola.
Big Boy Restaurants protects the recipe for the tartar sauce that goes on their sandwiches, and that many customers buy by the bottle and take home. McDonalds doggedly protects the process their restaurants utilize to cut, cook and season their French-fries. William Wrigley was just as manic in keeping secret his technique for delivering powerfully flavored, long lasting, chewing gum.
Trade Secrets typically are not able to secure patent protections. The novelty of the Trade Secret is in the blending, chemistry or chronology utilized to deliver the finished product. If you have such a recipe you will want to keep this knowledge very near, as it can become very dear. If the public knew the formula for Coca-Cola, quite possibly there would be a lot of consumers keen to blend their own drink at home. Coke would not like that!
If your product has the potential and necessity to become a Trade Secret you will want to follow several very basic steps. First, write down every event related to the development of the formula. Keep a logbook with the data, dates and details of your work. As you finalize your development work memorialize all of the steps essential to delivering the finished product you wish to keep secret in a recipe or summary document. Then store in a very secure place (a safety deposit box, or safe) all of the work product and the recipe or formula.
The Trade Secret gains incredible asset value when your product becomes a market success. Selling a business built around a fully protected Trade Secret exponentially increases the value of the company. Coca-Cola, Betty Crocker, Duncan Hines, Oil of Olay, Schlitz, Dom Perignon, Ben and Jerry's and Estee Lauder's Youth Dew are only a few examples of famous brands built around a Trade Secret.
A Trademark is important in developing brand awareness for a product. Use a Patent Attorney when approaching the highly specialized area of seeking Trademark protection. I have never seen an entrepreneur successfully navigate the very complex workings of the USPTO. I HAVE seen many attempts to handle the process, all resulting in complete failure.
The content of a Trademark can include a customized, identifying icon, stylized brand name and a branding statement. Nike uses the famous slash (icon) the Company's name (recognizable stylized font) and "Just Do It!" (branding statement). Include all of the elements that the public will recognize in your Trademark application.
Look around at local, regional, national and international companies and brands that you see every day. Pat's Cheese Steaks in Philadelphia is a local business that has gained great fame and brand recognition and protects their brand with a trademark. It is a destination for visitors to Philly. Chanel, the French haute couture brand, is internationally revered and the classic "C" that adorns every unit of Chanel product is one of the most recognized brand icons in the world. Truly Nolen, the national pest removal service, trademarks the mouse ears seen on every piece of sales collateral, advertisement and service vehicle the Company uses.
Owning a Trademark confers an obligation to police and protect the assigned mark. The inclusion of (TM) on every unit of product is essential. Again, consult an attorney. Trademarks can inadvertently become vacated and lost.
Copyrights are utilized to protect intellectual property. Movie content, poetry, music, books and plays are copyrighted. We have worked with clients on a number of video and board games. We always copyright the rules and/or the play features of the game.
Recently, Dan Brown, the writer of the wildly successful book the "The Da Vinci Code", was suited for plagiarism by the British authors of a book about the search for the Holy Grail. The search for the Holy Grail is central to the plot of the "The Da Vinci Code". There are full library shelves devoted to the search for the mystical Holy Grail. And yet, during the run-up to the movie release of "The Da Vinci Code" a legal action involving this intellectual property was commenced. Brown and his publisher vigorously defended their rights under their Copyright protection. They won full vindication from the court.
Producers of intellectual content properties (movie studios, record labels, book publishers) are very hesitant to accept unsolicited proposals for review. "The Da Vinci Code" saga is the reason. Legal action is rife in the area of intellectual property. We all remember things that we saw, heard or experienced from the distant, but dim past. Regurgitating a variation of that experience may find its way to the written page. Voila, was this material plagiarized?
Mattel and Hasbro will not review ANY outside toy submissions. Is it not coincidental that there has not been a breakthrough toy introduction in years from Hasbro or Mattel? This is one of the unfortunate byproducts of a litigious society, the limits placed on needed innovations. Protect your intellectual property with a Copyright.
I recommend to my clients, before spending a dime on a patent attorney, that they perform a cursory search at the USPTO.Gov web-site by providing all obvious key words applicable to their invention. If a number of patented products come up, and they are spot-on their idea, the item might not be a candidate for a filing. If the field seems open and clean, then I advise hiring the patent attorney to conduct a professional, thorough search. The in-depth search will confirm the potential for successfully obtaining patent protection.
Patents are the preferred style of protection for most inventors and entrepreneurs. Patents (utility) are very powerful agents of defense against predators, thieves and knock off artists. Not to be a boor, but, again, utilize the services of a patent attorney. I am always amazed and amused at how many people think they can successfully write, provide highly specific 3-D CAD art, file, handle USPTO objections and move the patent through the labyrinth of a Federal Government bureaucracy. Go Figure! They waste time and money, and usually negate any opportunity to have a re-filed patent successfully obtain a patent number.
The Provisional Patent filing is basically a letter that is placed on file with the USPTO. The Provisional filing advises the USPTO of the description of the product you are attempting to develop. The letter has a one-year life cycle and must be extended with a formal patent filing (Utility or Design) or the product is vacated forever.
We utilize the Provisional Patent as a fully legal way to state that a product in early stage development is Patent Pending. This filing is also very inexpensive relative to a design or utility patent. A Provisional Patent filing also enables the entrepreneur to have a one year time window to test and gauge market response to the invention. If reaction is positive, then it reinforces the necessity of continuing to devote assets to further development of the opportunity.
The Design Patent simply covers art features noted in the application. This is the weakest form of patent protection. A competitor only needs to change a design element, cosmetic feature or add an artisan variant to overcome a Design Patent. However, for products that have real commercial potential, but can not overcome prior, existing product art to obtain a Utility Patent, the Design Patent offers one potentially important benefit: the option to keep a product suspended in ongoing Patent Pending status.
We have done this on a number of occasions. A simple amendment to the initial filing means that a bureaucrat at the USPTO must find the file, pick it up, insert the amended filing detail and re-log the filing. As a result the filing goes to the back of the line and we gain months more Patent Pending protection.
Why go through all of this? When a product is in Patent pending mode it has ultimate protection. When a patent number is issued the clock starts ticking on the effective life of protection and details of the novelty of the patented product become public knowledge. Your product is obviated. It can be amazingly simple for the less than scrupulous knock off artist to engineer around your inventions unique features and benefits.
By keeping a product in Patent pending limbo we keep the features shrouded from any public awareness. This often leads to a first to market advantage and competition is only aware that there is a Patent pending. The added time that the product obtains, to build and extend sales traction, and begin the branding process is exponentially more valuable than the legal fees required to keep adding elementary addenda to the Design filing. You want to be first to market, and have as much time as possible to stand-alone in a market.
The Utility Patent is exceedingly valuable, both as a protective shield against competition and as a business asset. The invention that receives a Utility Patent number from the USPTO is potentially of interest to licensees, partners, investors and venture capital. Most patented products (Utility), however, never make it to market. We often see inventions that are novel, and thus patent possible, but not commercial, or needed, or beneficial. We all know a mad scientist or two, with endless designs, inventions and patents, none of which are ever going to be a market success.
The Utility Patent protects the novel features and benefits that the application describes in great detail. The patent attorney will narrate the unique aspects of your invention. They will also mention other patents near your space but painstakingly note the differences inherent to your invention. In addition, a great deal of effort will be devoted to creating 3-D Computer Assisted Design art that portrays your product from every possible angle and graphically depicts the uniqueness of your product.
Utility Patent filings rarely sail though the USPTO without being challenged. A competent patent attorney often anticipates the weakness in a filing and has a sheath of retorts ready to address the examiners concerns and questions. This re-directs the file back into the bureaucracy at USPTO. I tell my clients that they can expect up to an 18-month wait before receiving notice of the USPTO decision. However, on several complex filings, I have seen the process take up to six years.
Believe me, it is worth the work, the wait and the investment if a successful outcome from the USPTO is achieved. A Utility Patent conveys gravitas. The invention has stood up to the most stringent scrutiny and been accorded the most highly desired verdict: this invention has import.
Friday, December 9, 2011
Get like me (Stuntin is a Habit) David Banner
Have you ever seen a chevy with the butterfly doors, Stuntin (stuntin) is a habit, get like me, Have you ever seen a chevy with the(get, get like me) Have you ever seen a chevy with the(get like me) Have you ever seen a chevy with the butterfly doors, Stuntin (stuntin) is a habit, Put it in the air, Stuntin (stuntin) is a habit, Put it in the air, Stuntin (stuntin) is a habit, Put it in the air, Have you ever seen a chevy with the butterfly doors, Stuntin (stuntin) is a habit Got a chip in my engine, 26 inch rims, got fade away money, Bitch I'm ballin out the gym, Got my old school pumpin, Hit wheel, on recline, if you think a nigga broke, You out yo monkey ass mind, (yeah) Diamonds on my pinky, (yeah) Hand on the pine, Touch and die, yo mama do the second line(yeah), Screens fallin from the sky, Syrup fallin in my cup, Old school chevy, thang, Comin down(nigga), what, Got diamonds in my mouth, Got som gucci on my seat, Got g's on my(ay) Bitch it's cold when I speak, Got a freak on my arm, got a charm around my neck, You can gone pass the mike, Watch I'm bout to catch wreck, Still screamin out mayne, Pistol in my hand, southside so thowed(thowed in the game), Big face on my chain, 84's on the frame, Big bodies comin down, hoggin up both lanes, Stuntin(stuntin)is a habit, Get like me, Have you ever seen a chevy with the(get, get like me) Have you ever seen a chevy with the(get like me) Have you ever seen a chevy with the butterfly doors, Stuntin (stuntin) is a habit, Put ...
Ducane Grills Purchase Rower Machine Best Prices K Cups Variety Packs
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
DaVinci Gourmet Classic Sugar Free Syrup, Caramel, 25.4 oz, 3 ct (Quantity of 2)
!±8± DaVinci Gourmet Classic Sugar Free Syrup, Caramel, 25.4 oz, 3 ct (Quantity of 2)
Brand : DaVinci | Rate : | Price :
Post Date : Dec 06, 2011 03:00:20 | Usually ships in 6-10 business days
| Price : Post Date : Dec 06, 2011 03:00:20 | Usually ships in 6-10 business days
Friday, December 2, 2011
Winekitchen Mojito
The Winekitchen's first attempt at producing foodie videos. Well, in this case, a cocktail video. Concept and camera direction by Chef Tom, shaky camera work and production by yours truly. Cocktail paraphernalia by Rösle. Mojito Recipe: 1/2 lime 4 leaves mint 2 oz Oronoco Rum Simple Syrup (We use DaVinci Splenda Syrup) Club Soda Ice 1. Muddle lime, mint, and simple syrup. 2. Add ice. 3. Add rum. 4. Shake, add club soda, and strain into a Martini glass.
Dunlop D407 Discount Korg Electrotribe Right Now Respironics Bipap Quickly
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
What to Do in Mijas, Andalucia
Mijas, set in the hills of southern Andalucia overlooking the Mediterranean sea is a perfect location for a relaxing holiday or short break. The beach is 10 mins away, the views from the village are amazing and we have excellent bars and restaurants. Mijas activities guide consists of cultural and wine musuems, sports including rock climbing and visiting historical buildings such as the Mijas bullring. Many activities are free and can be enjoyed all year.
Rock climbing/Bouldering
Parque Muralla
Within the botanical gardens of Parque Muralla, almost in the middle of the town, one could be surprised to find a rock gorge which is professionally customised for rock climbing and bouldering. And it is all for free for both professionals and amateurs to practice their skills in a beautiful setting.
Plaza de Toros
C/ Cuesta de la Villa, Tel: 952 485 248
Dating back to 1900 and located in the center of the village, this is still an active bullring. Bullfighting takes place exclusively during the summer months on Sundays from 18:30. The bullring is unique in its peculiar shape which cannot be found anywhere else. The entire typically Spanish spectacle is opened with a traditional flamenco performance.
Ethnological Museum of Mijas
Plaza de la Libertad, 2, Tel: 952 590 380
Exhibiting utensils of farming, fishing and general life from the past, this museum also shows an oil mill and wine cellar. Moreover, there are paintings and photography of local artists on display. Entrance to the museum is free and often accompanied by wine tasting.
Mijas Museum of Miniatures
Avda. del Compàs, Tel: 952 48 58 20
Museum of miniatures happens to be the most popular sightseeing destination for Asian tourists. Created by travel adventurer and hypnotist, Professor Max, this museum showcases over 360 pieces collected during his travels around the world. The very detailed craftsmanship can be admired, for example, on the reproduction of Leonardo Da Vinci's famous "Last Supper" carved on a grain of rice.
Walking & hiking
Mijas is also a sought after destination for fans of hiking and mountain walking. There are several routes in the hills directly behind the town that are clearly sign-posted. A free map of the routes can be obtained from the local tourist office. Walks vary in time and difficulty levels. The views are spectacular and walkers can additionally visit the local shrine which is located on one of the routes. Further away from the town toward Osanillas, Pine forest walks can be found easily.
Mijas Wine museum
C/ San Sebastian
Mijas wine museum offers wine lovers the chance to learn from professional oenologists and try wine from all denominations of origin in Spain. The wine list includes cavas, noble wines, table wines, reds and roses along with gourmet food to enhance the experience, such as flavoured salts, cream syrup, balsamic jams and olive oils. Each wine is paired with a dish featuring salads, cheeses, cold meats as well as signature dishes such as ratatouille tartlets with tuna, baby habas in chinese spoons, endives with scorpion fish pie and duck thighs with Malaga sweet wine. A high class tourist attraction that should not be missed.
Gym
Avda. de Mejico
To use the municipal Mijas gym, membership is available although not necessary. The machines are a little dated, however, all of them are maintained constantly and the professional help of the instructors is always close-at-hand.
Grotto of the Virgen de la Peña
To this picturesque grotto, there is attached a legend dating back to 1536 when two children, a boy and a girl (Juan & Asuncion) experienced an apparition of the Virgin with Child in her arms and a white dove on her shoulder. The legend says that the Virgin was discovered by excavating the rock by the locals. Today, this beautiful grotto is continuously visited by pilgrims from all over the world. It is a serene and peaceful place for religious contemplation.
Mijas Church of the Immaculate Conception
Parque Muralla
Built on the ruins of the original castle, the church was consecrated in 1631 and uses one of the castles towers as the bell tower. The church contains features from the Mudejar and Baroque styles. There are 3 naves, each separated by rounded arches, the two side naves dating back to the first half of the 17th century. It is a wonderful piece of architecture waiting to be admired by art lovers as well as any viewers sensitive to historical and cultural beauty.
Mijas Swimming Pool
An outdoor municipal swimming pool is located in Osanillas, on the outskirts of Mijas. The pool is open during summer until 9pm and the entrance is free. It is a good alternative for those who feel less comfortable in the sea, especially for parents with children. Bar and cafe are also attractive breaks from the summer heat.
Yoga/Massage
There are several retreats offering yoga and massage courses and most are run as part of a package which includes accommodation. At the entrance to the village, there is Bioyoga, offering courses in Ayurveda Massage and Yoga for pregnant women. They also sell various natural products. It is definitely a healthy and alternative treat for active women looking to calm and comfort body and spirit.
Mijas Park
The beautiful Park Miralla is situated on the grounds of the original fortress that once occupied this vantage point. The park features botanical gardens, an auditorium and breathtaking viewpoints of the coast that can be explored further with the available coin-operated binoculars. The main church and bullring surround the park and add to the atmosphere of this wonderful area.
Cheap 36 Dual Fuel Ranges Lactose Powdered Milk For Sale Double Oven Gas Stove Buy Now
Friday, November 25, 2011
The Important Influence of Baghdad on the Development of Western Medicine
Some would say that we are living in interesting times, particularly as another US-Iraq confrontation at this stage seems almost inevitable. Such is the present power of the United States that only a few voices in the rest of the world suggest that the United Nations should be the only party to be involved in any future decisions about the coming conflict. Nobody in the West is brave enough any longer to take a moral stance against the imposed economic sanctions, which by now have killed more than 1.6 million Iraqis, mostly children, according to the UN's own statistics.
On the eve of the Eid-Al-Fiter (the most widely observed Islamic festival marking the end of the fasting month of Ramadan), the well-respected Qatar-based Arabic news network Aljazeera reported that in the past three months (from September to November 2001), more than 31 thousand Iraqis (including 21 thousand children under the age of 5) died due to the UN-imposed economic sanctions against Iraq, a figure even higher than the 1999 UNICEF estimate of an average 5200 Iraqi child deaths per month. This comes at the same time as warnings from Iraqi physicians about an escalating crisis of increased cancer cases in the southern part of the country. The report adds that the fear of having babies with birth defects is so great that many pregnant women choose to have abortions. I myself must accept some blame for not reorting this, having recently turning down an opportunity to visit the suffering patients in the hospitals in Baghdad in the interests of personal safety.
So what brought us to the point of the precipice, this point where two belligerent nations want to draw swords against each other in the region once known as the cradle of civilisation. This was the land of the Sumerians, the Assyrians, and the Babylonians where advanced civilizations flourished long before that of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. This Garden of Eden, this land of Abraham, where the Hanging Gardens on the River Euphrates were once considered amongst the Seven Wonders of the World and where the origins of our medicine once flourished. There is little doubt that any historian would say that the Mongol invasion of Mesopotamia was one of the turning points in the history of this region. Its long shadow and memory has left formidable imprints that are still discernible in thought formation of Iraqi political leaders right into this century. The destruction of many centuries of learning, being ruled for a period by barbarians, Ottoman Turks and later the British has left a lasting stamp on these proud people who want to protect their recently found freedom.
I would like to take time for a moment to consider life in this part of the world before the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols. I would like to identify the influence of the Baghdad School of Medicine on the medicine we practise today in the Western world. This influence has been neglected and unjustifiably overpassed by scholars in the West and this article is written to allow us for a while to acknowledge that fact and try and restore this missing part of our history. We must remember that medicine, as we know it today did not develop overnight and this knowledge over the centuries has been handed from one country to the other. Between the ancient civilizations of Egyptians, Greek, Roman, and the Renaissance era in Europe, there was a gap, commonly called "the dark ages", during which the flames of the knowledge of medicine was hosted, not by the West, but by the Arabs or Moslems.
The nomenclature, "the dark ages" reflects the civilization in Europe between the 7th and 13th centuries, but by no means it expresses the state of affairs in the Arab world or the Islamic Empire at that time. By the ninth century, Islamic medical practice began to advance beyond the talisman and the people of Mesopotamia became avid for the wisdom of Galen, Hippocrates, and Paul of Aegina. By the tenth century, their zeal and enthusiasm for learning resulted in all essential Greek medical writings being translated into Arabic in Baghdad. The Islamic Empire continued to grow and extended its influence from the Atlantic Ocean on the West to the borders of China on the East. Arabic became the International Language of learning and diplomacy and the centre of medical knowledge and activity shifted eastward as Baghdad emerged as the capital of the scientific world.
This era also saw the introduction of hospitals with wards, the introduction of medical terminology and the regulation of medical students who by now had to pass rigorous examinations. Baghdad General Hospital soon became the envy of the Islamic world and incorporated innovations, many of which still sound modern by today's standards. The hospital used fountains to cool the air near the wards of those afflicted with fever; it was the first hospital to have a ward exclusively devoted to the mentally ill. The Baghdad School brought a refreshing spirit of dispassionate clarity into psychiatry, which was free from the demonological theories that swept over the Christian world. It is known that Najab ud din Muhammad, a contemporary of Razi, carefully compiled observation on actual patients made up the most complete classification of mental diseases theretofore known. He described agitated depression, obsessional neurosis, Nafkhae Malikholia (combined priapism and sexual impotence). Kutrib (a form of persecutory psychosis), Dual-Kulb (a form of mania). At night, the pain of the restless in Baghdad General Hospital was soothed by soft music and storytelling. I still remember the open courtyard of the Ibn 'al Bitar still being used in this fashion, just before the Gulf War, by the patient's relatives at night as I strolled back from my night rounds.
There were also social policies introduced by the governing regime to Baghdad General Hospital, which assured that the prince and pauper received identical attention and the destitute received five gold pieces upon discharge to sustain them during convalescence. We must remember that this was at a time when the streets of Paris and London were still paved with mud and open sewers. Baghdad General Hospital was amongst the first to introduce separate wards for male and female patients and these were staffed by attendants of both sexes. This medical centre of excellence contained both a library and a pharmacy and it is known that medical staff attended outreach clinics to attend to the disabled or the disadvantaged who lived in remote areas.
Baghdad also introduced regulations to maintain quality control on drugs, they advocated that pharmacists became licensed, and legal measures were taken to prevent doctors from owning or holding stock in a pharmacy. Methods of extracting and preparing medicines were brought to a high art in Mesopotamia and techniques of distillation, crystallization, solution, sublimation, reduction and calcination became essential processes of pharmacy and chemistry. With the help of these techniques, the Saydalanis (pharmacists) introduced new drugs such as camphor, senna, sandalwood, rhubarb, musk, myrrh, cassia, tamarind, nutmeg, alum, aloes, cloves, coconut, nuxvomica, cubebs, aconite, ambergris, and mercury to the world. The important role of the Baghdad School and others in developing modern pharmacy is memorialized in the significant number of current pharmaceutical and chemical terms derived from Arabic: drug, alkali, alcohol, aldehydes, alembic, and elixir among others, not to mention syrups and juleps.
In 636 A.D., the Muslims conquered the Persian City of Jundi-Shapur, and after this period, Islamic medical schools mostly developed on the Jundi-Shapur pattern. In the late seventh century, only Baghdad and Jundi-Shapur had separate schools for studying basic sciences. In Baghdad Medical School, doctors learned anatomy by dissecting apes, skeletal studies and didactics while other schools only taught anatomy through illustrations and lectures. During the eight century, the study of medicinal herbs and pharmacognosy was added to the basic training and a number of hospitals in Baghdad maintained barbel gardens as a source of drugs for the patients and a means of instruction for the students.
Surgery was also included in the Baghdad curriculum many surgical procedures such as amputation, excision of varicose veins and haemorrhoids were required knowledge. Orthopaedics was also widely taught in Baghdad and doctors routinely used plaster of Paris for casts in the reduction of fractures. Interestingly, this method of treating fractures was only rediscovered in the West in 1852. Ophthalmology was practiced in Baghdad, but it was not taught as part of the curriculum in medical schools, rather an apprenticeship to an eye doctor was the preferred way of specialisation. The ophthalmologists of Baghdad exhibited a high degree of proficiency and it should be remembered that medical words such as retina and cataract are of Arabic origin. lbn al Haytham (965-1039 A.D.) wrote the Optical Thesaurus from which such worthies as Roger Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci and Johannes Kepler drew theories for their own writings.
In his Thesaurus he showed that light falls on the retina in the same manner as it falls on a surface in a darkened room through a small aperture, thus conclusively proving that vision happens when light rays pass from objects towards the eye and not from the eye towards the objects as thought by the Greeks. He presents experiments for testing the angles of incidence and reflection, and a theoretical proposal for magnifying lens (made in Italy three centuries later). He also taught that the image made on the retina is conveyed along the optic nerve to the brain. Razi was the first to recognize the reaction of the pupil to light and Ibn Sina was the first to describe the exact number of extrinsic muscles of the eyeball, namely six. The greatest contribution of Islamic medicine in practical ophthalmology was in the matter of cataract. The most significant development in the extraction of cataract was developed by Ammar bin Ali of Mosul, who introduced a hollow metallic needle through the sclerotic and extracted the lens by suction. Europe rediscovered this in the nineteenth century.
In 931 A.D. Caliph Al-Muqtadir learned that a patient in Baghdad had died as the result of a physician's error and he ordered his chief physician, Sinan-ibn Thabit bin Qurrah to regulate all those who practiced medicine in Mesopotamia. In the first year of the decree, more than 860 doctors were examined in Baghdad alone. This led to the introduction of new examinations and a Licensing Board was established under a government official called Muhtasib. European medical schools followed the Baghdad pattern and even in the early nineteenth century, students at the Sorbonne could not graduate without reading Ibn Sina's Qanun (Cannon).
During this period, Al-Razi moved to Baghdad where he became the Chief Physician of the Baghdad Hospital and the Court-Physician of the Caliph. He published several medical books, which were translated into Latin, French, Italian, Hebrew, and Greek including the differentiating between smallpox and measles, two diseases that were hitherto thought to be one single disease. It is also written that when he was asked to choose a site for a new hospital in Baghdad, he deduced which was the most hygienic area by observing where the fresh pieces of meat he had hung in various parts of the city decomposed least quickly.
He also published a book called "Al-Murshid, in which he described the different types of fever including continuous, relapsing, and hectic. He stated that fever can be a symptom of a disease or a disease in itself. He introduced mercury as a therapeutic drug for the first time in history, which was later adopted in Europe. Al-Razi is attributed to be the first to use animal gut for sutures. He is credited with many contributions, which include being the first to describe true distillation, corrosive sublimate, arsenic, copper sulphate, iron sulphate, saltpetre, and borax in the treatment of disease. He introduced mercury compounds as purgatives (after testing them on monkeys); mercurial ointments and lead ointment."
His interest in urology focused on problems involving urination, venereal disease, renal abscess, and renal and vesical calculi. He described hay fever or allergic rhinitis. He stressed the continued medical education of the physician advising him to record his own observations and encouraging him to meet with other physicians to discuss medical problems. The new Al-Adudi hospital in Baghdad was built in 981 A.D. and had interns, residents, and 24 consultants. An Abbasid minister, Ali ibn Isa, requested the court physician, Sinan ibn Thabit, to organise regular visiting of prisons by medical officers.
Many other Islamic physicians and surgeons of the period influenced the Baghdad School. In 930 A.D., Al-Zahrawi was born in Al-Zahra, a suburb of Cordova and later attended the University of Cordova, which had a long tradition of excellence. At that time, Cordova had a population of one million. Al-Zahrawi became an eminent surgeon being appointed as the Court-Physician of King Abdel-Rahman III. He was to influence the Baghdad School of Medicine through his four books, one of which "Al-Tastif Liman Ajiz'an Al-Ta'lif' is still considered the best medieval surgical encyclopaedia and was used in medical schools in Europe until the 17th century. Al-Zahrawi described the ligature of arteries long before Ambrose Pare and he also used cautery to control bleeding. Interestingly, he also used wax and alcohol to stop bleeding from the skull during cranial surgery long before Sir Victor Horsley used it to effect in the late eighteen hundreds. His preparation made up of seven parts beeswax and one part almond oil is still known today as Horsley's Wax.
Al-Zahrawi was also the first to in history to use cotton (Arabic word) in surgical dressings in the control of haemorrhage, as padding in the splinting of fractures, teach the lithotomy position for vaginal operations, to describe and use alcohol as a surgical preparation. He distinguished between goitre and cancer of the thyroid and explained his invention of a cauterizing iron, which he also used to control bleeding. His description of varicose veins stripping, even after ten centuries, is almost like modern surgery. In orthopaedic surgery he introduced what is called today Kocher's method of reduction of shoulder dislocation and patelectomy, 1,000 years before Brooke reintroduced it in 1937. He described tracheotomy, orthodontia and described the different types of fracture before the introduction of X Rays.
In the rest of the Islamic world, the Iranian Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980-1037 A.D) suggested the communicable nature of tuberculosis long before the infectious nature of the pathogen was discovered. He was also the first to describe the use silk sutures for haemostasis and the first to use alcohol as an antiseptic. Ibn Sina originated the idea of the use of oral anaesthetics and he recognised opium as the most powerful mukhadir (an intoxicant or drug). He also used less powerful anaesthetics such as mandragora, poppy, hemlock, hyoscyamus, deadly nightshade (belladonna), lettuce seed, and snow or ice cold water. He introduced the soporific sponge, soaked with aromatics and narcotics, which was the precursor of modem anaesthesia. In his masterpiece Al-Quanun (Canon), he described complete studies of physiology, pathology, and hygiene.
However, the turning point in the great age of Islam's contribution to medicine came when a confederation of nomadic tribes led by Genghis Khan, first conquered China, and then spread out to attack the rest of the Muslim Empire. By 1220, they had conquered Samarkand and Bukhara and by the mid-century, they had taken Russia, Central Europe, northern Iran, and the Caucuses. In 1258, Hulagu Khan invaded Baghdad and destroyed the ancient systems of irrigation with such extensive devastation that even today agricultural recovery in this nation is still incomplete. While in Baghdad, Hulagu made a pyramid of the skulls of Baghdad's scholars, religious leaders, and poets, and he deliberately destroyed what remained of Iraq's canal headworks. The medical knowledge of centuries was swept away and Mesopotamia became a neglected frontier province ruled from the Mongol capital of Tabriz in Iran.
In 1380, another Turko-Mongol confederation was organised by Tamerlane the Great, who claimed descent from Genghis Khan. They swept down on Baghdad again destroyed the hospitals and burnt the libraries with their irreplaceable works. It is said that the waters of the Tigris ran blue with the ink of the medical and scientific works destroyed by these barbarians. The result was to wipe out much of the priceless cultural, scientific, and medical legacy that Muslim scholars had been preserving and enlarging for some five hundred years. A minor scion of the Mamluk dynasty took refuge in Egypt and the 'Abbasid caliphate continued the practice of medicine there late into the sixteenth century. In 1401, he sacked Baghdad and massacred many thousands of its inhabitants. Like Hulagu, Tamerlane had a penchant for building pyramids of skulls. His rule virtually extinguished Islamic dominance of medicine and Baghdad, long a centre of trade suffered severe economic depression. The medico-social innovations of the Baghdad scholars totally disintegrated.
To make matters worse, the southern province of Basra, which had been a key transit point for seaborne commerce was circumvented after the Portuguese discovered a shorter route around the Cape of Good Hope. Mesopotamia's once-extensive irrigation system fell into disrepair, creating swamps and marshes at the edge of the delta. The rapid deterioration of settled agriculture led to the growth of tribally based pastoral nomadism. By the end of the Mongol period, the medical knowledge of the people of Mesopotamia had shifted from the urban-based Abbasid culture to the tribes of the river valleys, where it has remained well into the twentieth century.
Maybe, for a moment if we considered Baghdad's great contribution to the world of Western medicine, we would not be so quick to see this nation as radically demonic and possibly even learn to respect the descendants of these original scholars who today still die suffering along the shores of the Tigris, sacrificed on yet another altar of human indifference.
Copyright (c) 2009 CMS
Tuesday, November 22, 2011
Pomegranate Grenadine All Natural Beet Sugar Rieme French Syrup-24.5 Fl Oz.
!±8± Pomegranate Grenadine All Natural Beet Sugar Rieme French Syrup-24.5 Fl Oz.
- 750 ml - 24.5 fl oz
- All natural, no additives or anything artificial
- Imported from France
- Decorative Glass bottle
- Many other flavors available
More Specification..!!
Pomegranate Grenadine All Natural Beet Sugar Rieme French Syrup-24.5 Fl Oz.
Sunday, November 20, 2011
DaVinci Classic Raspberry Syrup - 750ml Bottle (Case of 12)
!±8±DaVinci Classic Raspberry Syrup - 750ml Bottle (Case of 12)
Brand : DaVinci GourmetRate :
Price :
Post Date : Nov 20, 2011 03:08:38
Usually ships in 1-2 business days
DaVinci's Classic Raspberry Syrup brings a burst of berry flavor to iced teas, lemonades, smoothies, desserts and cocktails. It will add delicious consistency to your café or restaurant menu.
Promo Ps2 To Usb Controller Adapter Discounted M-audio 1010lt
Wednesday, November 9, 2011
DaVinci Overview/Giveaway "Closed"
Giveaway Rules 1. Must be 18 years of age or parents permission 2. Must like and favor this video 3. Must be a subscriber 4. Also comment Enter me below and you followed all the rules and tell what flavors you would like and why? Classic Vanilla Classic Hazelnut Classic Caramel Classic Kahlua Classic Raspberry and Sugar Free Vanilla Sugar Free Hazelnut Sugar Free Caramel Sugar Free Kahlua Sugar Free Raspberry 5. Follow my blog for a extra entry and comment your blog name also comment on my blog and tell me your youtube name. mommyyof2babies-introduction.blogspot.com Not Mandatory Check our Facebook Fan Page www.facebook.com or follow on twitter twitter.com Check out other Flavors www.davincigourmet.com Winner picked from Random.org Via: October 1st 12pm
Saturday, October 29, 2011
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
|
|
|
|
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |